Implementation Of National Policy Research Articles

Drivers of success in global health outcomes: A content analysis of Exemplar studies.

Applying a positive outlier lens is one effective approach for generating evidence to inform global health policy, program, and funding decisions. Exemplars in Global Health (EGH) is a program that studies positive outlier countries that have made extraordinary progress in health outcomes (despite limited resources) and disseminates their successes through multiple types of outputs. To date, EGH has studied, or is studying, 14 global health topics in 28 countries. This paper aims to identify findings, summarized as themes and sub-themes, that appear among all completed EGH studies. We developed a conceptual framework and used a content analysis approach to identify the top thematic areas that appear as drivers for programmatic success across EGH studies that were completed between June 2020-May 2023. The EGH studies (N = 31) spanned six topics including under-five child mortality (n = 6), childhood stunting (n = 5), community health workers (CHW) (n = 4), vaccine delivery (n = 3), COVID-19 response (n = 6), and newborn and maternal mortality reduction (n = 7) across 19 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, South and Central Asia, and the Caribbean regions. Top drivers of success were defined as those critical or catalytic in achieving the intended outcome. Eight key drivers were identified: (1) efficient data collection and use for decision-making, (2) strong political commitment and health leadership, (3) effective stakeholder coordination, (4) a local, connected, and capacitated workforce, (5) intentional women's empowerment and engagement, (6) effective adoption and implementation of national policies, (7) effective and sustainable financing, and (8) equitable, efficient outreach and targeting. These cross-cutting drivers span a broad range of development outcomes, sectors, and populations, and indicate a need to effectively integrate people, systems, and sectors to improve global health outcomes. Findings from this study aim to support peer learning among countries and support evidence-based decision-making for funders, policymakers, and other key stakeholders.

Trends in incidence and survival of childhood cancers in Khon Kaen, Thailand (2000–2019): a population-based Khon Kaen Cancer Registry study

BackgroundIn Thailand, the national health care system and nationwide standard treatment protocols have evolved over time, potentially influencing the trends in the incidence and survival rates of childhood cancers. However, further investigations are required to comprehensively study these trends in Khon Kaen, Thailand.MethodsChildhood cancer patients aged 0–14 years (n = 541) who were diagnosed with one of the five most common cancers between 2000 and 2019 from the population-based Khon Kaen Cancer Registry were enrolled. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the demographic data, which are presented as numbers, percentages, means, and standard deviations. The trends in incidence between 2000 and 2019, including age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs) and annual percent changes (APCs), were analysed using the Joinpoint regression model. Survival analysis was performed for 5-year relative survival rates (RSRs) according to the Pohar Perme estimator and Kaplan–Meier survival curves.ResultsThe ASRs of the overall top 5 childhood cancer groups were 67.96 and 106.12 per million person-years in 2000 and 2019, respectively. Overall, the APC significantly increased by 2.37% each year for both sexes. The overall 5-year RSRs were 60.5% for both sexes, 58.2% for males, and 63.9% for females. The highest 5-year RSR was for germ cell tumours (84.3%), whereas the lowest 5-year RSR was for neuroblastoma (29.1%).ConclusionsThe incidence and survival rates of childhood cancers in Khon Kaen, Thailand, varied according to sex. The incidence trends increased over time, meanwhile, the relative survival rates rose to satisfactory levels and were comparable to those of other nations with similar financial status. The implementation of national health policies and adherence to national treatment guidelines have improved cancer diagnosis and treatment outcomes.

Research on national fitness policy (1995-2021) from the perspective of objectives and tools

This study delves into the intricate landscape of China's national fitness policy, emphasizing the pivotal role of policy tools in crafting and executing effective strategies. Through a meticulous examination of 13 policy texts, significant disparities in tool utilization emerge, revealing issues such as imbalances and varying degrees of emphasis on content system construction. Leveraging Rothwell and Zegveld's classification method, the study categorizes national fitness policy tools into supply, demand, and environment types, elucidating their unique impacts and roles. It advocates for a strategic selection and utilization of policy tools to rectify existing imbalances and bolster effectiveness. The study underscores the importance of a balanced approach between supply and demand-oriented tools, advocating for transparency, flexibility, and accountability in policy adjustments. Additionally, it highlights the significance of maintaining stable utilization of supply-oriented tools and strengthening efforts in talent development and social guidance teams to sustain momentum. Overall, the study advocates for a holistic and dynamic approach to policy tool selection and utilization, ensuring alignment with overarching goals and fostering a healthier, more active society. By offering nuanced insights and pragmatic recommendations, it aims to catalyze the realization of a stronger and healthier nation through the implementation of effective national fitness policies, thereby uplifting the well-being of its citizens and nurturing a vibrant and resilient society.

Authoritarian populist politics, politico‐religious extremism, and violence against women in post‐war Sri Lanka

AbstractDespite the implementation of progressive national policies and the adherence to numerous international conventions aimed at eradicating gender‐based violence and violence against women, incidents of violence against women in post‐war Sri Lanka are on the rise. This research delves into the intersection of post‐war populist politics supported by religious extremists and the resulting violence perpetrated against women, as well as its repercussions on women's well‐being. We are interested in locating the specific mechanisms through which religious extremism, authoritarian populism, and violence against women are connected. Our findings indicate that post‐war populist politics, backed by Buddhist religious extremists and the post‐war Sinhalese‐Buddhist hegemonic state's re‐building project, have generated dialectical relationships with Sri Lanka's minorities—Tamils and Muslims. These relationships are partially enacted through different forms of gender violence. This has consequences for all women. As successive confrontations deepen, the deterioration of these relationships exacerbates the likelihood of violence and reinforces a culture of impunity.

Implementation of National Nutrition Policies and Strategies to Reduce Unhealthy Diets: An Ecological Analysis of 194 Countries from 2017 to 2021.

This study investigates the implementation of national policies and strategies to control unhealthy diets, which are pivotal in the global surge of non-communicable diseases. Leveraging data from the World Health Organization's Non-Communicable Diseases Progress Monitors and Country Capacity Surveys, we calculated aggregate implementation scores for 13 diet-related policies across 194 countries from 2017 to 2021. We used descriptive statistics and linear regression to investigate the implementation trends and associations between key national-level factors and implementation scores. The mean score in 2021 was 52% (SD = 24), with no statistical differences in the 5-year period. Stark disparities in implementation efficacy were noted, ranging from comprehensive adoption in some nations to minimal application in others. Our analysis also highlights a shifting focus in policy adoption: notably, an increased commitment to taxing sugar-sweetened beverages juxtaposed with a decline in dietary awareness initiatives. Significant predictors of policy implementation include the Human Development Index, the cost of a healthy diet, and health service coverage. These findings suggest a complex interdependence of socioeconomic factors influencing policy implementation. Our research underscores the need for multifaceted, globally collaborative strategies to effectively combat diet-related diseases, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive policy frameworks in public health interventions.

Exploring Implementation Barriers of Elite Parasport Programs in National Parasport Organizations

Policy implementation has received attention from the literature. However, there has been a lack of research on the implementation barriers affecting elite parasport policies. In response to this literature gap, this research explored the perceptions of managers regarding aspects making the policy implementation processes more challenging in Brazilian parasport organizations. Focusing on elite programs, twenty-six managers of five national parasport organizations were interviewed. A qualitative research design accommodating exploratory objectives was adopted, and the obtained data were analyzed by thematic analysis. Only perceptions of barriers regarding the programs implemented for the Tokyo 2021 Paralympic Games cycle were considered. Parasport managers perceived that issues of funding, bureaucracy, specialized knowledge, accessibility, policies, culture, and influences from international parasport organizations were the major barriers affecting the effectiveness of their elite parasport programs. These results contributed to the sport literature with new information on aspects impacting the implementation of national elite parasport policies from a managerial perspective.

SWOT Analysis: Implementation of National Education Standard Policy to Improve the Quality of High School Graduates

The competence of quality graduates cannot be separated from the relationship between each educational standard that is a reference for management, governance, and education. The purpose of this analysis is to examine the implementation of national education standard policies as guidelines for improving the quality of education governance based on the quality of graduates who are ready to compete in the world of work both nationally and at the global level. The approach used in this analysis is descriptive-qualitative, which involves processing data obtained through literature studies in the form of reference books, scientific journals, official documents, digital sites, and official information that can be accessed online. The results of the study on the topic above conclude that SWOT analysis can be used as an alternative management analysis tool to identify aspects of strengths, challenges, opportunities, and threats to improve the quality and competence of graduates in accordance with the policies of national education standards. The results of the SWOT analysis recommend alternative strategies that can be developed and followed up as a form of implementation for improving the quality of graduates.

Translation, validity and reliability of the pain attitudes and beliefs scale for physiotherapists in French.

The Pain Attitudes and Beliefs Scale for Physiotherapists (PABS-PT) questionnaire evaluates manual therapists' biomedical and biopsychosocial beliefs regarding the management of chronic low back pain. Its usage in clinical settings is an important step in the implementation of national guidelines and policies to improve patient management. The objective of this study was to translate the PABS-PT questionnaire into French, to adapt it culturally, and to conduct a psychometric analysis. Qualitative and cross-sectional study. The translation process followed published guidelines with cross-cultural validation by an expert committee. We followed a forward and backward translation procedure and an expert committee, including the original author of the questionnaire and a linguistics expert ensuring good cultural adaptation, issued a finalised version. Psychometric analysis of the French version of the questionnaire was conducted among 390 French manual therapists in two phases. The first phase evaluated structural validity as well as external validity compared with the TSK and BBQ questionnaires. Then, reliability and scalability were analysed. The second phase evaluated test-retest reproducibility by sending the same questionnaire 3months later. The validity study revealed three subscales: the classic biomedical subscale and two subscales for biopsychosocial beliefs (aetiology of pain and physical activity). With 21 items in total for the PABS-PT-FR, the structural validity scores were good (BM: alpha=0.82, H=0.38; Physical Activity: alpha=0.62, H=0.32; Aetiology of Pain: alpha=0.55, H=0.29). This study provides a validated tool to assess French physiotherapists' and, more generally, healthcare providers' beliefs about chronic low back pain, with a new insight into the BPS subscale internal construct.

Examining the influence of location-oriented policies on green transition development of resource-based cities: evidence from China.

Assessing the impact of transforming resource-based cities (RBCs) through scientific evaluation is a crucial approach to gauge the efficacy of implementation of national locational policies. Drawing upon panel data encompassing 113 RBCs over the period 2006 to 2020, this study employs the difference-in-differences (DID) model to systematically evaluate the impact of location-oriented policies, represented by the "National Resource-Based Economic Transformation Comprehensive Supporting Reform Pilot Zone" (CRPZ), on the trajectory of green transition development (GTD) within RBCs. The results indicate, firstly, that the CRPZ has facilitated the GTD of RBCs, and a series of robustness tests confirm this conclusion, revealing a stimulating effect that evolves from initial suppression to subsequent promotion. Secondly, CRPZ can drive the GTD of RBCs by optimizing industrial structure and enhancing innovation capability, which shows that different marginal utilities are observed in its impact on the GTD of RBCs. Finally, the effectiveness of the CRPZ in promoting the GTD of RBCs is influenced by the degree of resource dependence, with a more pronounced impact on cities with higher levels of resource dependence. The conclusions of this study provide valuable insights for the ongoing evaluation of location-oriented policies and the promotion of GTD in RBCs.

Study on the application of the intelligence teaching ecology based on the 5G blended campus network technology

Our society is being transformed by the technology emergence and the industrial revolution. The advances in the internet and artificial intelligence are reshaping the means of education, profoundly changing the ways of teaching and learning. This paper studies the pattern of how the new 5th generation blended campus network is applied to aid the new generation of intelligence teaching. This pattern is the implementation of national major policies and the measure of cultivating people. This paper introduces a new model for the intelligence teaching system. Based on the new model, distance interaction teaching system, VR practicing teaching system, intelligence testing system, and higher education intelligence decision system are developed. This model can be the basis of the informatization of future education.

Successive national agricultural policies/programmes, growth of gross domestic product (GDP) and expansion of agribusinesses in Nigeria.

In Sub Saharan Africa, agriculture's contribution to employment and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is estimated to be higher than other sectors. Policies designed and implemented for the agricultural sector could be an influencing factor to the variations in the contributions of agriculture to the annual national GDP. These policies are believed to have shaped and (some) still shaping the landscape of agriculture and national economy. The study analysed agriculture's GDP contribution during the implementation of various national agricultural policies, and the potential of the policies to foster agrobusiness development in Nigeria between 2000 and 2021. The study adopted mixed-method approach. Primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered on 29 purposively sampled state Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) directors across Nigeria. The questionnaire was face-validated by three experts. Reliability test was carryout using Cronbach Alpha approach, which yielded an index of 0.89. Copies of the questionnaire were administered on the respondents through direct contact. Secondary data were collected from the Nigeria's Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, National Bureau of Statistics, and World Bank. Data was analysed with mean, standard deviation, percentages and ANOVA. Findings of the study revealed that the performance of implemented agricultural policies had influence on agricultural sector's percentage contribution to national GDP, and changes in agriculture's GDP contribution had significant impact on national GDP growth. The duration of active life of the policies did not influence their performance, like the Root and Tuber Expansion Programme which lasted longer yet performed less than the National Special Programme on Food Security in terms of improvement in agriculture's GDP contributions. All the policies implemented had several limitations in their ability to foster agribusinesses in Nigeria. The study recommends that future policies should focus on providing sustainable frameworks for developing the business in agriculture through value chain optimisation and the use of the teeming, young, and affordable labour force like China and India did to become global food producers.

Social automation and APT attributions in national cybersecurity

ABSTRACT Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) are a prime concern in the formulation and implementation of national cybersecurity policies. These threats often also involve complex social engineering tactics which are undergoing a quantitative and qualitative revolution with burgeoning AI capabilities. However, the attribution of these APT activities can be mired with technical and political considerations. We analysed 142 APT groups’ attributions along with their use of social interaction vectors to ascertain the nature of the risk environment and the operational threat landscape of AI and social automation. We discover that close to 80% of APT activities could be chalked up to merely 20% of key nation-state threat actors competing with each other. We further discuss the implications of this political threat distribution for national cybersecurity environments.

Development and implementation of Australian State, territory, and national policy on the health and wellbeing of adolescents and young adults: An exploration of policy actor perspectives using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research

ObjectivesGovernment policies that support the health and wellbeing of young people (aged 10 to 25) can have important individual and societal impacts. The aim of this study was to explore policy actor perspectives on the development and implementation of Australian government policies focussed on the health and wellbeing of young people. MethodsWe utilised a qualitative research design consisting of semi-structured interviews with policy actors with experience working with Australian youth health policies. Our interview guide and analyses were informed by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). We interviewed 19 participants from various national, state, and territory bodies. ResultsSeveral specific barriers and facilitators to policy development and implementation were identified using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Key policy development barriers were limited available resources (e.g. staffing and funding) and low relative priority within health and political systems. Key policy implementation barriers were limited available resources, limited policy compatibility with health services, cosmopolitanism issues related to interagency collaboration, and a lack of policy evaluation. Meaningful engagement of young people could also be improved. ConclusionsAlthough Australian youth health policies are perceived as evidence-based and comprehensively developed, the ability to promote implementation remains stalled. Implications for Public HealthThe development of policy implementation plans, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms, funding and resources, and a strong commitment to removing barriers to working across multiple departments and systems is required to improve outcomes for young people.

Increased home energy use: unintended outcomes of energy efficiency focused policy

ABSTRACT Residential energy policies for individual dwellings predominantly provide minimum design standards for thermal performance and energy efficiency on a square metre basis. This paper quantifies predicted dwelling energy use on a national scale to enable evaluation of the effectiveness of this policy model. Utilizing Australia as a case study, analysis of 580,956 thermal energy design certificates for new detached dwellings verifies that, although minimum energy efficiency design standards were achieved, predicted energy use for thermal comfort increased by 10.4% per dwelling and 5.6% nationally in 2022 compared to 2018. The study examines the impact of both the number and floor area of new dwellings on dwelling energy use and highlights the disparate jurisdictional outcomes resulting from inconsistent implementation of national policy across multi-state governance. To deliver reductions in household energy use it is imperative that residential energy policies target household energy use, rather than only energy efficiency, of new dwellings, of which floor area is a key determinant. Furthermore, to achieve global climate change objectives, there is a need for complementary policy mechanisms that consider the collective energy use of the residential dwelling sector.

The Implementation of National Defense Policy: Understanding the Concept in the Millennial Era

Purpose: This research aims to comprehensively examine the implementation of national defense policy in the millennial era, explicitly focusing on the conceptual understanding within the framework of the National Defense program in the Republic of Indonesia. The study aims to shed light on the challenges and implications of the evolving threat landscape, globalization, and technological advancements, emphasizing the necessity for a strategic and well-utilized defense strategy.   Theoretical Reference: This research is grounded in the theoretical framework of state defense, emphasizing its significance as a mindset and pattern of action aligned with the values of Pancasila. The study draws on the context of Indonesia's pluralistic and multicultural conditions, exploring how these factors contribute to the complexity of implementing state defense. The theoretical foundation is further supported by critical variables, including government leadership, the formation of reserve component blocks, and citizenship education, all crucial in shaping a robust national defense strategy.   Method: This qualitative case study explores the implementation of state defense policies in the millennial era. Key aspects include assessing the government's role, National Defense program effectiveness, and community participation. Respondent selection involves stakeholders, ensuring diverse perspectives. Data collection comprises in-depth interviews and document analysis.   Results and Conclusion: The results of this research highlight the intricate nature of implementing state defense in the millennial era, considering the challenges arising from globalization, technological advancements, and internal conflicts. The study underscores the importance of genuine role models among national leaders and stakeholders, especially in fostering a paternalistic culture for the younger generation. The conclusion emphasizes the constructive nature of defending the country as a strategy for maintaining national integrity and empowering the Republic of Indonesia in the face of evolving threats.   Implications of research: The implications of this research extend to various sectors, including government policy-making, defense program development, and societal awareness. The study provides insights into the urgency of aligning government programs with the dynamic needs of the millennial era.   Originality/value: This research uniquely explores the implementation of national defense policy in Indonesia's millennial era, integrating theory, qualitative analysis, and critical variables. It enriches the discourse on state defense by addressing challenges and opportunities in the evolving global and technological landscape. A valuable resource, it benefits scholars, policymakers, and practitioners.

Constitutional and Legal Foundations for Ensuring the Unity of the Peoples of Russia as a Traditional Spiritual and Moral Value

The approval of the foundations of the state policy for the preservation and strengthening of traditional Russian spiritual and moral values has actualized the issues of their legal formalization. The applied scientific methods were dialectical, systematic and formal-legal methods that contributed to the identification of the features of the legal regulation of the analyzed concept of “the unity of the peoples of Russia”. The analysis of regional legal acts testifies to the diversity of legal regulation in the sphere of national policy. In the course of the study, it was found that the legal formulations “unity of peoples” and “the unity of a multinational people” do not quite coincide, the unity of peoples is defined as a goal, task, priority for the implementation of national policy in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and there is both “territorial” and a nationwide approach to the regulation of this issue. State unity, being the constitutional principle of Russian federalism, acts as an organizational condition for ensuring the unity of the peoples living on the territory of the Russian Federation.

The Creation of Guideline for Development Private Music School Business

A very serious epidemic broke out in China at the beginning of 2020, and the market's economic environment was greatly affected. As a branch of the education and training industry, private music schools have also been hit hard. After all, the education and training industry supports operations through advanced collections, but the epidemic has led to a serious increase in class consumption data for many important indicators. On the one hand, it is worsening due to the inability to recruit new students. On the other hand, the overall data on class consumption is no longer growing. At the same time, when the rent and labor costs remain unchanged, most institutions in the education and training industry are in varying degrees. Losses, the main research of this article is from what angle can the private education industry make breakthroughs in the three years since the establishment of the epidemic and the implementation of the double reduction policy? Can some problems in operation and management during the epidemic be solved through bleaching, combined with the implementation of national policies that have once again passed reforms to better adapt to future industry development?

Breaking Barriers: An Innovative Tool to Assess the National and City-Level Physical Activity Policy Development to Practice Disconnect.

Population-level physical activity increases are improbable without intersectoral collaboration across government levels and sectors to develop and implement physical activity promotion policies. This study aims to provide information about the development of the Interaction between National and Local Government Levels in Development and Implementation of Physical Activity Policies Tool (INTEGRATE PA-Pol). A framework was created to examine the development and implementation of national and subnational physical activity policies and the (mis)alignment between government levels. The work was conducted in 3 phases: (1)a scoping review was carried out to identify local government physical activity promotion policies and instruments for assessing them, (2)an expert group designed 6 questionnaires, and (3)cognitive response testing was employed for validity testing and item modification with a panel of research and policy experts. The INTEGRATE PA-Pol Tool consists of 6 questionnaires assessing how national and subnational governments collaborate to develop and implement physical activity promotion policies. This tool can assist in better understanding the development and implementation of a public policy monitoring system that will allow for benchmarking and priority setting to comprehend how physical activity promotion policies are designed and executed.

Assessment of Implementation of National Policy on Education (2013) in Early Childhood Education in Osun State

This article assessed the availability of teaching and learning facilities in Early Childhood Education centres in Osun State; It also determined the extent to which the available teaching and learning facilities are being utilized in Early Childhood Education centres in the study area; It further examined the various method of teaching in Early Childhood Education centres in the study area. The descriptive survey research design was adopted for this study. The sample of the study comprised 120 teachers which were randomly selected from ten (10) schools from each of the local government areas that were selected from each of the senatorial districts with four (4) teachers from each school. The instruments adopted by this study for data collection were a checklist titled “Teaching and Learning Facilities Observation Checklist (TLFOC) and a questionnaire which was developed by the researchers titled “Teaching and Learning Facilities Questionnaire” (TLFQ) The instrument were validated by two experts in the field of early childhood education. To determine the reliability values of the two instruments, Pearson Product Correlation Coefficient of 0.6. and 0.72 were yielded for TLFOC and TLFQ respectively The data were analysed using descriptive analysis. The results showed that there were some learning facilities available for use though not adequate enough and their utilization rate was moderate while the most commonly used method was play-way method.

Eğitim Yönetiminde Yönetimin Merkeziyetçi Yapısı Bağlamında Eğitim Politikalarının İncelenmesi

With the birth and development of nation-states in recent centuries, education has started to be considered as a policy issue and the creation and implementation of national education policies have gained importance. Education has always taken its place on the social and political agenda in our country, and the socio-economic role of education has always been important. While education is considered as an important tool of development on the one hand, on the other hand, it is hoped that education will help solve all the problems that occur in social life. It has always been a subject that should be focused on, especially since it is one of the important tools of the state in the modernization process in line with the goal of shaping society and giving it new forms. In this context, care has been taken to ensure that education is carried out by the state. Our country has a highly centralized supervision structure in education. Education-related policies are generally created and implemented by states and governments with a centralized approach. This situation causes the management process to slow down, the decisions taken at the center to deviate from the target at the implementation stage and incorrect applications. Despite all the controversies and criticisms, the centralized structure of the system continues to be partially. Although managers of educational institutions do not have a direct impact on learning, managers can facilitate the functioning of educational processes, improve learning products and outputs, and enable improvements to be made. In this context, education managers play an important role in providing the necessary support to improve the quality of teaching, in identifying efficient and effective solutions both in the teaching processes and in the nature of school and education, such as human resources and school climate, through the effective use of resources. However, the selection criteria that will allow educational leaders with managerial characteristics to become managers within the educational community in Turkey have not been fully established. With the amendments made to the regulation on the appointment and relocation of school and institution administrators of the Ministry of Education, the written exam requirement and other changes that will be considered objective have been canceled, and arrangements have been made to allow school administrators to be elected with different approaches. With the changes made in the recent period, it has been aimed to increase the quality of education by introducing a written exam requirement for education management again. Key Words: Education Management, Centralized Management, Schooling, Education Policies